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'The caste is alive and kicking in corporate India'

An IIM-Bangalore study found that a large number of mergers and acquisitions occur between the directors of the same caste group

Published: Apr 15, 2019 11:46:32 AM IST
Updated: Apr 18, 2019 02:47:14 PM IST

'The caste is alive and kicking in corporate India'Image: Shutterstock

The importance of caste as a centerpiece of Indian social life comes alive during elections, when we witness the dramatic spectacle of political parties jostling for the support of different caste groups. Nevertheless, many urban Indians assume that the obsession of caste is a domain of the rural and semi-urban areas. As individuals who grew up in a big cosmopolitan city, when we observed in our research that caste and its influence is alive and kicking even in elite corporate India, we too were surprised.

In a paper titled `Firms of a Feather Merge Together: Cultural Proximity and Firms Outcome’, that we wrote with Michelle Zemel and Teja Konduri, we found that a large percentage of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) in India occur between businesses whose directors belong to the same caste group. We considered a sample of over twelve hundred M&A deals during 2000-2017 and found that of all deals where Brahmins had the maximum representation on acquirer firms’ boards, nearly 50% were with target firms whose boards were also dominated by Brahmins. The corresponding percentage was even larger for Vaishyas, at 55%. Similarly, we found that Kshatriya and Shudra dominated firms acquired targets with boards dominated by the same Varnas. The same pattern held if we instead considered Jati - a narrower caste construct. For example, firms whose boards were dominated by Agarwals predominantly acquired other firms with Agarwal directors, Maheshwari dominated firms predominantly acquired Maheshwari dominated firms, and so on. Careful analysis revealed that this is far from coincidental; firms systematically seek out targets whose directors share caste identities with their own directors.

What’s more unsettling is that businesses are harmed by such deals. We find that stock markets penalize mergers between firms of the same caste; the values generated for both acquirer and target in same-caste deals are lower than in other deals. Aspects of negotiation between the firms, such as the premium on the target firms’ book values that acquirers pay, or the time they take to complete the deal, also do not improve. Further, if we look at the merged firms’ performance one or two years after the deal, we find that in fact they do slightly worse than firms that did not do same-caste deals.

Yet, such deals are rampant in corporate India. It is fair to ask then: why are they still happening and who is benefitting from them? It turns out that directors who belong to the dominant castes of the acquirer boards in such deals enjoy whopping jumps in their compensation post the deal - upwards of 400% increases, on average. This increase is disproportionate in comparison to the near doubling of compensations enjoyed by retained directors not of the same caste. A larger fraction of them are also able to retain their enviable director positions. This suggests that directors who care about caste tend to engage in M&A deals with other firms whose directors share their caste identities, to the detriment of the firm, but to their own private advantage.

One would expect that those Indians who rise to the level of directors of large corporations would be able to shed the biases of caste. Unfortunately, that doesn’t seem to be true. While our research doesn’t point to any caste-based discrimination, it suggests a bias for the familiar. Corporate interactions, knowingly or unknowingly, tend to concentrate toward people of the similar caste groups.

We hope, however, that things will improve with time. Even if implicit bias in favor of associating with people of similar castes continues, perhaps cut-throat competition in the corporate world would force companies to mend their ways. After all, same caste mergers lead to loss of shareholder value and loss of firm competitiveness. Therefore, firms that take active steps to reduce this bias are going to have a leg up against the competition; efficiency of the market should win eventually. How long this might take, though, is anybody’s guess. Maybe the firms are either not aware of this implicit bias or just refuse to accept the facts?

We are hopeful that this implicit bias will reduce over the years as we go through a generational change in the boardrooms. Younger Indians are more likely to have grown up in multicultural settings. As this new breed comes of age and enters India’s boardrooms, we can hope for lesser bias for caste and more for efficiency.

The lessons from this study are simple, yet profound. All of us have implicit biases that affect our decisions. When those decisions happen to be the ones made in boardrooms, they have real implications for the performance of firm and hence the economy. Therefore, it is imperative for firms to actively look for existence of those biases and to try to negate them. As the Indian corporate sector gets more integrated with the world, it should actively counter the biases that come from a caste based society.

Story based on personal views by co-authors Profs. Manaswini Bhalla and Manisha Goel

[This article has been published with permission from IIM Bangalore. www.iimb.ac.in Views expressed are personal.]

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  • Rajesh

    This analysis is interesting but partially correct. Your definition of caste seems to be based on a person \'s birth : Which is not the true definition of caste. (Or varna). True categorization of caste is always based on the characteristics exhibited by a person and the nature of work they do. Being in the board of a company automatically can mean the nature of work is related to trading /business : making everyone of the board member as vaishya. Now if you can redo the study and find how many of the board members actually exhibit the predominance of characteristics / qualities - sattva, rajas, tamas : then you can have a better comparative study. Else, this fuels the already preconceived notions of caste in India.

    on Apr 15, 2019
  • Ramesh

    What is caste-based reservation promoted by politicians, which touches each and every individual of India, which does massive damage to the rights of those not in the favoured groups?

    on Apr 16, 2019
  • Srikant Kumar Mahapatra

    As long as reservation based on cast and mention of cast in all the official document is prevalent, such thing is going to happen. The present generations are developing a hatred towards reserve cast and when they will grow up and occupy senior position in corporate world, they will try to help person from there in cast.

    on Apr 17, 2019
  • maddali laxmi swetha

    Generally, high level jobs or high level management in any organization or a company given to North Indian only and always too.

    on Apr 17, 2019
  • Praveen S

    @Srikant Caste based reservations were introduced as a measure to help those from lower castes, to balance out centuries worth of oppression heaved on them. You have to take into account the systematic, incessant and quite frankly, cruel ways in which those from the higher rungs of society conspired to keep SCs and STs where they are. Think not allowing promotions at work. Think poisoning drinking water. Think murder for daring to marry to an outside caste. Think manual scavenging. Reservations are relevant because caste based discriminations still exist. And things won\'t change till the higher caste stop bringing it up or keep it in high regard, as is evident in this article.

    on Apr 17, 2019
  • Selvaraj

    It should continue. See the iim campus interview selected candidates through the caste. You will find lot of things

    on Apr 17, 2019
  • Seetha

    Reservation is reason for caste? Are you crazy? Do you even know why reservation came into existence in the first place. First, understand the 2000 years history of India. Dr.Ambedkar is the greatest scholar India ever produced. Try reading his research papers.

    on Apr 17, 2019
  • Mohan sawant

    As long as reservation on the basis if Verna is there caste system will prevail in India. 3.50% Brahmins have 100% reservation in temples since last 2500 years and in Indian administrative service and corporates they have captured 90% creamy jobs

    on Apr 17, 2019
  • Nakul Vaid

    It\'s an eye opener. One could not imagine something like this in today\'s cosmopolitan environment. Just shows the importance of not just academic education but education of values because only that perhaps can change the age old conditioning of the mind

    on Apr 19, 2019
  • Rajiv Hazaray

    Cast system was based on combination of endogamy and professional monopoly. Drivers behind both these were mainly economic and political and these underlying forces seem to be still quite active. To think that mere ending of cast-based reservations would end the cast system is oversimplification.

    on Apr 20, 2019
  • Osman Baig

    Nothing wrong. Like flora and fauna human being was also divided into castes and religions. And in any research like yours we always try to to analyze based on such properties. Even our government also categories us in castes always. I think this is very much natural.

    on May 2, 2019
  • Benoy K Antony

    Shocking!!! Professionalism in Indian M&A deals boils down to caste equations of directors of the entities involved.

    on Oct 26, 2019
  • Ravi S

    Caste is something that we live with 24×7 in India, particularly Hindus. They bear it with their name and appearance. Brahmins (3% of population) created Caste, endogamy in order to maintain their fallacious supremacy (Refer: Annihilation of Caste by Dr. Ambedkar). So called upper caste people oppose Reservation but not Casteism/ endogamy.

    on Feb 6, 2020