States offering unconditional cash transfers (UCTs) to women have jumped from two (2022–23) to twelve (2025–26), with a collective estimated spend of ₹1.7 lakh crore, or 0.5 percent of the GDP. Data shows that UCT spending significantly impacts state finances, with Jharkhand (2.4 percent of GSDP) and West Bengal (1.3 percent of GSDP) allocating the most. The RBI has previously cautioned that this rise in subsidies could reduce fiscal space for productive spending.