World Meteorological Organization: Everything you need to know

Villagers carrying animal feed wade through flood waters following monsoon rainfalls in Jaffarabad district in Balochistan province on August 24, 2022. - Record monsoon rains were causing a "catastrophe of epic scale", Pakistan's Climate Change Minister said August 24, announcing an international appeal for help in dealing with floods that have killed more than 800 people since June. Image: Fida Hussain / AFP

The World Meteorological Organization, which chooses its next leader on Thursday, is today at the forefront in monitoring climate change.

But the United Nations' specialised agency for weather and the climate can trace its roots back 150 years to the early days of shipping forecasts.

Remit

The WMO is dedicated to meteorology, operational hydrology and climatology—weather, water and the climate. It covers related geophysical sciences such as oceanography and atmospheric chemistry.

IMO forerunner

The WMO was preceded by the International Meteorological Organization founded in 1873.

The shortcomings in using Morse Code to transmit weather reports and the lack of a uniform system for observations became the rationale behind setting up the IMO.

Now 150 years on, operations have moved from telegraphs and shipping forecasts to supercomputers and space technology. The average global temperature is more than one degree Celsius higher than when the IMO began.

The organisation reformed as the WMO in 1950 and became the UN's meteorological agency the following year.

It is the second-oldest agency in the UN fold after the International Telecommunication Union, set up in 1865.

WMO

The WMO issued its first statement on climate change in 1976, voicing concern that greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere by human activities would lead to major changes in the climate.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was co-founded by the WMO and the UN Environment Programme. The WMO hosts the IPCC.

In 2007, the IPCC was jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, along with former US vice president Al Gore.

Much of the WMO's work is in bringing together the work of national meteorological agencies.

More than 230 satellites, 10,0000 surface weather stations, 1,000 upper air stations, 7,000 ships, 1,100 buoys and 3,000 specially-equipped commercial aircraft measure key parameters of the atmosphere, land and ocean.

These observations are shared freely through the WMO system.

The WMO says today's five-day forecasts are as reliable as the two-day forecasts of 25 years ago, translating into "billions of dollars in economic gains".

Also return: The great melting and eventual sinking: Have we reached the point of no return?

Headquarters

The IMO was first based in Utrecht in the Netherlands, then in Lausanne from 1939.

After becoming the WMO, it moved to Geneva, where it was first housed in a modernist building now belonging to the World Intellectual Property Organization.

Its current glass-clad new headquarters, a 120-metre-long, elliptical nine-storey building, was inaugurated in 1999.

It is down the slope from the UN's Palais des Nations, overlooking Geneva's botanical gardens and the World Trade Organization.

Members, budget and bosses

The WMO has 193 member states and territories. The latest to join are South Sudan (2012), Andorra (2018) and Nauru (2019).

The WMO's budget for 2024-2027 is 278 million Swiss francs ($304.4 million). The United States and China have been the biggest contributors. The agency had 315 people on the payroll by the end of 2021.

The WMO has only had six secretaries-general since 1952, including Britain's David Arthur Davies (1956-1979) and Nigeria's Godwin Obasi (1984-2003), the first African to run a UN body.

Four senior figures from within the WMO are running to replace the current secretary-general, Petteri Taalas of Finland, after his second four-year term—now the maximum.

Also read: In North America's mountains, plants are adapting unexpectedly quickly to climate change

Top future projects

The WMO wants everyone in the world covered by weather hazard early warning systems by the end of 2027.

This week it made the cryosphere—the frozen world—a top priority, given the impact of melting on sea levels.

It also said it would boost greenhouse gas monitoring with a new system integrating space- and surface-based observations.

And it wants to ramp up the tracking of where greenhouse gases emerge and end up, something it says could be possible on a one-square-kilometre grid within a decade.

Records archive

The WMO has a Weather and Climate Extremes Archive, containing a variety of records including temperature, air pressure, rainfall, wind speed, hail and lightning.

The four latest records, dating from 2020, were for the longest distance and longest duration lightning flash, and for the highest temperatures in the Antarctic region and above the Arctic Circle.