Silicon Valley can't escape Elizabeth Holmes

But testimony and court exhibits in Holmes’ nearly four-month trial, which was capped Monday when a jury found the entrepreneur guilty of four of 11 counts of fraud, starkly underlined her participation in Silicon Valley’s culture.

Holmes, 37, used the mentorship and credibility of tech industry big shots like Larry Ellison, a co-founder of Oracle, and Don Lucas, a Silicon Valley venture capitalist, to raise money from others. She lived in Atherton, California, amid Silicon Valley’s elite and was welcomed into their circles.

Immediately after The Wall Street Journal exposed Holmes’ alleged fraud at Theranos in 2015, some prominent tech investors even rushed to defend her in a bit of kneejerk tribalism.

Even the judge who oversaw Holmes’ case, Edward J. Davila of U.S. District Court in San Jose agreed that Silicon Valley culture was an essential piece of her trial. He allowed her lawyers to discuss the tech industry’s overly optimistic puffery as part of her defense.

“It’s common in Silicon Valley for promoters to engage in that type of conduct,” Davila said in a hearing in May before the trial began.

At its best, Silicon Valley is optimistic. At its worst, it is so naïve it believes its own hogwash. Throughout her trial, Holmes’ lawyers argued she was simply a wide-eyed believer. Any statements that weren’t entirely truthful, they said, were about the future. It was what investors wanted to hear, they said.

“They weren’t interested in today or tomorrow or next month,” Holmes testified. “They were interested in what kind of change we could make.”

Soon after Theranos got started in 2003, Holmes used her vision of the future to win over investors and advisers like Ellison and Lucas. Lucas, who was chair of Theranos’ board until 2013, was involved with more than 20 investment vehicles that backed Theranos. Those included his son’s venture firm, Lucas Venture Group; another vehicle, PEER Venture Partners; and trusts and foundations associated with members of his family.

Lucas introduced Hall Group, a real estate firm that put $4.9 million into Theranos, to Holmes. His nephew’s firm, Black Diamond Ventures, invested $5.4 million. Other Silicon Valley investors included ATA Ventures and Beta Bayview, a fund operated by Crosslink Capital.

Lucas and his son have since died. The Lucas Venture Group didn’t respond to a request for comment.

Dixon Doll, founder of the Silicon Valley investment firm DCM, also invested, as did Reid Dennis, founder of the venture firm IVP, which has backed tech companies such as Slack, Twitter and Snap. Draper Associates, founded by venture capitalist Tim Draper, also invested in Theranos, as did two funds operated by his other firm, Draper Fisher Jurvetson.

A DCM representative said Doll had left the firm more than eight years ago, and a spokesperson for DFJ declined to comment.

In a statement, Draper said Holmes’ verdict concerned him because it suggested that America’s spirit of entrepreneurship was in jeopardy. “A willingness to bet on these entrepreneurs and their visions has made Silicon Valley the innovation engine of the world,” he said.

Not everyone who heard Holmes’ pitch was wowed. Bijan Salehizadeh, an investor at Highland Capital Partners, said he did not invest in Theranos in 2006 because Holmes was unwilling or unable to answer most of his questions.

But as Theranos’ fundraising made headlines, Salehizadeh questioned his judgment. Venture capitalists who hung out at the Rosewood Hotel on Sand Hill Road, one of Silicon Valley’s main arteries, in Menlo Park, California, began buzzing about the company, he said.

“They were like: ‘This hot Theranos thing — you as a health care guy saw it and didn’t do it? How could you have possibly passed on a unicorn if it was sitting in your office at the earliest stages?’” he said.

Holmes used that hype to reel in bigger checks from wealthy families, including heirs to the Amway, Walmart and Cox Enterprises fortunes. Industry insiders also offered their endorsement. Media mogul Rupert Murdoch met Holmes at a Silicon Valley gala hosted by Yuri Milner, a tech investor. Milner praised Holmes to Murdoch, according to “Bad Blood,” a book by John Carreyrou, a former Wall Street Journal reporter.

Brian Grossman, an investor at heath care-focused hedge fund PFM Health Sciences, learned about Theranos through Thomas Laffont, a co-founder of Coatue Management, a prominent investment fund with a San Francisco presence. In an email that was part of the court filings, Laffont gushed that Theranos had “one of the most impressive boards I’ve ever seen” and said Grossman’s firm should let him know “ASAP” if it was interested in an introduction.

Coatue did not respond to a request for comment and PFM Health Sciences declined to comment.

The next year, when Carreyrou was investigating Theranos’ claims for the Journal, Holmes embraced Silicon Valley’s favorite form of deflection: Label anyone who asks hard questions a hater. Before Carreyrou published his first exposé about Theranos, Holmes and her partner at the time, Ramesh Balwani, who was the startup’s chief operating officer, poked fun at the reporter’s French heritage.

After the Journal article was published, Holmes used a rebuttal embraced by many in the tech industry. “This is what happens when you work to change things,” she said in a TV interview. “First they think you’re crazy, then they fight you, and then all of a sudden you change the world.”

In the years since Theranos collapsed, more tech startups have followed its strategy of looking outside the small network of Sand Hill Road venture capital firms for funding. Startups are raising more money at higher valuations, and deal-making has accelerated. Mutual funds, hedge funds, family offices, private equity funds and megafunds like SoftBank’s Vision Fund have rushed to back them.

Salehizadeh said Silicon Valley’s shift to a focus on fundraising over all else was one reason he had left to set up a private equity firm on the East Coast. The big money brought more glitz to tech startups, he said, but it had little basis in business fundamentals.

“You’re always left feeling like either you’re an idiot or you’re brilliant,” he said. “It’s a tough way to be an investor.”