Little clarity and many theories after a Boeing 737 plane crashes near Tehran

The crash’s timing raised immediate suspicions. Iran fired at U.S. forces early Wednesday in retaliation for an airstrike Friday that killed a top Iranian general and the leader of Iran-backed Iraqi militias — the latest in a long sequence of escalations.

Investigators should put consideration of an attack “at the top of their agenda,” said Peter Goelz, a former managing director of the National Transportation Safety Board.

On Tuesday, hours before the crash, the Federal Aviation Administration barred American airliners from flying over Iran, citing a risk that commercial planes would be mistaken for military aircraft. Several non-American carriers rerouted flights Wednesday to avoid Iraq and Iran, according to Flightradar24. In 2014, early in the war in eastern Ukraine between government forces and Russia-backed separatists, a Russian missile shot down Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, killing 298 people.

A spokesman for Iran’s armed forces, Abolfazl Shekarchi, said the crash was not a result of any military action.

“They are spreading propaganda that the Ukrainian flight was targeted,” Iranian news media quoted Shekarchi as saying. “This is ridiculous. Most of the passengers on this flight were our valued young Iranian men and women. Whatever we do, we do it for the protection and defense of our country and our people.”

Typically, the country where a crash occurs leads an investigation, and includes officials from the country where the plane was produced, as well as countries where the victims were from. With the United States and Iran engaged in an escalating, violent conflict, it was immediately apparent cooperation could be fraught.

The flight data recorders, or black boxes, were recovered from the crash site, and are usually sent to the plane’s maker for analysis. However, the head of Iran’s Civil Aviation Organization, Ali Abedzadeh, told the semiofficial Mehr News Agency that Iran would not send the recorders from the Ukraine International Airlines flight to Boeing.

“We will not give the black box to the manufacturer and the Americans,” Mehr quoted him as saying. Ukrainian officials, he said, would be involved in Iran’s investigation of the crash.

However, the airline promised a full investigation, involving officials from Ukraine, Iran and Boeing. Zelenskiy said that he had ordered Ukraine’s prosecutor general to open a criminal investigation into the crash and that the country’s entire civil aviation fleet would be checked.

The 737 left Imam Khomeini International Airport in Tehran at 6:12 a.m. Wednesday. There were 176 people aboard, including nine crew members, according to the airline, which released the names of the dead. Iranian authorities listed 177, while some Iranian news organizations cited other figures.

The plane had reached an altitude of almost 8,000 feet and a speed of more than 300 mph, according to Flightradar24, which tracks aircraft by their radio signals. Two to three minutes after takeoff, it abruptly ceased the automatic transmission of flight data, though it remained in the air for a few minutes longer. Abedzadeh said the airliner had not contacted the control tower about an emergency.

The Iranian Students News Agency, a state-run media organization, shared a video that it said showed the predawn crash, with an aircraft apparently in flames descending in the distance before a bright burst filled the sky upon impact. The New York Times identified another video that showed the crash from a different angle.

“It woke us up,” said Sajad Shirkhani, 29, who lives near the crash site. “We got out of bed and ran outside, and all of the windows on our home were broken. We ran outside, we thought we were hit by a missile, that there was a war.”

The plane crashed on agricultural land near the village of Khalaj Abad, about 10 miles northwest of where the plane’s signal was last logged by Flightradar24. The plane appears to have banked northwest and flown for several miles after its transponder stopped working.

Photos and videos from the crash site showed rescuers in a field littered with plane debris, smoldering fires and the belongings of passengers. An analysis by The Times suggests that the plane was returning to the Tehran airport when it crashed.

There was disagreement on the breakdown of the victims’ nationalities, though that may be because some passengers held dual citizenship; Iran’s tally included 147 Iranians and two Canadians, while Vadym Prystaiko, Ukraine’s minister of foreign affairs, said there were 82 Iranians and 63 Canadians.

“Our government will continue to work closely with its international partners to ensure that this crash is thoroughly investigated, and that Canadians’ questions are answered,” Justin Trudeau, Canada’s prime minister, said in a statement.

Another theory about the crash was that one of the plane’s two engines failed. Qassem Biniaz, an official at the Iranian Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, told the Islamic Republic News Agency, the government’s official news agency, that an engine on the plane caught fire and that the pilot was unable to regain control.