How to calculate the valuation of a company

Also Read: Time value of money: What is it and how to calculate the PV and FV of money

Book value

The book value method determines a company's worth by subtracting its total liabilities from its total assets, resulting in the net bookkeeping value. This value represents the shareholders' equity and indicates the company's net worth from a historical cost perspective.

The formula for book value is:

Book Value = Total Assets−Total Liabilities

Let's consider an example of a company with:

• Total Assets: $500,000
• Total Liabilities: $200,000

Using the book value formula:

Net Bookkeeping Value=$500,000−$200,000=$300,000

In this example, the bookkeeping value of the company is $300,000.

Also Read: Debt to equity ratio (D/E): What is it, formula and calculation

Discounted cash flows

The discounted cash flow (DCF) method revolves around estimating the present value of a company's future cash flows by applying a discount rate.

Forecasts of future cash inflows and outflows are analysed, and the resulting figures are discounted back to their present value to reflect the time value of money. The DCF method offers a forward-looking perspective, acknowledging the inherent value of a company's expected future earnings.

Discounted cash flow formula:

DCF=CF1/(1+r)^1 +CF2/(1+r)^2  + CFn (1+r)^n

Where:

CF1 =The cash flow for year one

CF2 =The cash flow for year two

CFn =The cash flow for additional years

r=The discount rate

Let’s consider an ​example:

When a company invests in a new project or purchases new equipment, it typically uses its weighted average cost of capital (WACC) to evaluate the discounted cash flows (DCF). The WACC is a combination of the average rate of return that shareholders expect to receive and the cost of the company's financing.

To illustrate this, let's say your company wants to launch a new project. If your company's WACC is 5 percent, you will use 5 percent as your discount rate. Suppose the initial investment for the project is $11 million, and it is expected to generate cash flows over five years. You can then use the estimated cash flows to calculate the project's net present value (NPV).

Discounted cash flow

The total of the discounted cash flows comes out to be $13,306,727. When we subtract the initial investment of $11 million from this value, we get a net present value (NPV) of $2,306,727. This positive number shows that the project has the potential to generate a return higher than the initial cost, which means the investment has a positive return.

Market capitalisation

Market capitalisation, referred to as market cap, provides a snapshot of a company's total equity value as perceived by the market. It is a simple yet powerful metric that considers the stock price and the number of shares available for trading.

Market Cap formula:

Market Cap= Current Share Price × Total Number of Shares Outstanding

For instance, if a company's IPO value is $100 million, it might issue 10 million shares at $10 per share or opt for 20 million shares at $5 each. In both cases, the resulting market cap at the IPO would be $100 million, illustrating how the number of shares and their pricing influence the overall market capitalisation.

Enterprise value

To calculate the valuation of a company using the enterprise value method, one needs to consider not only the market capitalisation but also factor in the company's debt, cash, and other financial components.

A firm's enterprise value is beneficial for assessing the actual cost of acquiring a business, as it reflects the total value an acquirer would need to pay, including assuming or repaying the company's debt.

The enterprise value of a firm formula:

EV= MC + Total Debt−C

Where:

• MC = Market capitalisation
• Total debt = Sum of short-term and long-term debt
• C = Cash and cash equivalents are a company's liquid assets but may not include marketable securities.
• Let’s take an example of a company with:
• Market capitalisation (MC): $50 million
• Total debt: $20 million (sum of short-term and long-term debt)
• Cash and cash equivalents (C): $10 million

Plugging these values into the formula, we get: 

$50 million + $20 million−$10 million =$60 million

So, the enterprise value of the company is $60 million.

EBITDA

The EBITDA is another method to assess the valuation of a company. If a company doesn't report EBITDA, it can be calculated using figures from its financial statements. There are two different formulas for calculating EBITDA, with one formula using net income and the other operating income.

• EBITDA= Net Income+Taxes+Interest Expense+D&A or
• EBITDA=Operating Income+D&A

Where:

D&A=Depreciation and amortisation

Let’s take an example of a company:

A company has generated $100 million in revenue. It incurred $40 million in cost of goods sold (COGS) and had $20 million in overhead. The company's depreciation and amortisation expenses amount to $10 million, resulting in an operating profit of $30 million.

The interest expense is $5 million, yielding earnings before taxes of $25 million. With a tax rate of 20 percent, the net income equals $20 million after subtracting $5 million in taxes from pretax income. If we add depreciation, amortisation, interest, and taxes back to the net income, the company's EBITDA equals $40 million.

Present value of a growing perpetuity formula

The formula for the present value of a growing perpetuity calculates the current worth of an infinite series of cash flows that grow at a constant rate.

The formula is:

PV=C/ (1+r)1 + C/(1+r)2 + C/(1+r)3 ⋯= C/r

For example, If a company is expected to make $100,000 in the 10th year, with a cost of capital of 8 percent and a long-term growth rate of 3 percent, the perpetuity value will be:

Cash FlowYear 10 ×(1+g)/ r−g

=$100,000×1.03/0.08−0.03​

=$103,000/0.05​

=$2.06 million

Therefore, assuming a 3 percent growth rate with an 8 percent cost of capital, $100,000 invested in perpetuity will be worth $2.06 million in 10 years.