Experts warn that India's boost to capex may not necessarily create more jobs as construction has become equipment-intensive. There are factors which impact labour productivity, and while GenAI and PLIs remain buzzwords for employment, they may not be the solution
There has been a pick-up in employment as manufacturing PMI improved in the past four to five months, particularly compared to the second half of 2023.
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Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman is likely to ring in the various positives which the economy has seen during the Bharatiya Janata Party’s (BJP) regime—at the upcoming Budget next week. It will include the sharp over-8 percent spike in GDP growth for FY24, year-on-year capex growth, a boost to digital payments and record foreign exchange reserves.
The call now will be for ‘Viksit Bharat’ or Developed India by 2047. For that to take shape, India needs to not just create more jobs, but also ensure that those with a practical set of skills get suitable employment. The need to boost employment, labour participation and skilling was an electoral challenge—and a sensitive matter—for the ruling government, which has been unsuccessful in creating more jobs and improving productivity of labour.
India is at a disappointing second lowest among 15 global economies in 2023, based on GDP per hour worked.
Sitharaman has been in discussions with industry lobby groups over the scope and opportunities for generative AI (artificial intelligence) in the job market. “The job requirements that are expected of new recruits are also changing. So, the people with old skillsets are now expected to have additional newer skillsets for entering into a certain area which till now did not exist,” Sitharaman had said in February, after she presented the Interim Budget for FY25.
But one should hope that India does not fall into the trap of creating pockets of skill and education through institutions such as IITs and IIMs in previous decades, and yet not being able to address near-term concerns of boosting jobs in manufacturing. “If we look at manufacturing, despite all the plans like Make in India and the China+1 strategy that are being talked about, the output growth in manufacturing is slow, relative to other sectors such as construction and infrastructure,” says Shreya Sodhani, regional economist at Barclays.